×

Dominican Republic🇩🇴 | citiesSan Francisco de MacorísCacao workshops, Cibao folk museum, baseball nights, bakery street | things to do and best time to go

Explore MocaExplore Cotuí

Backpacking in San Francisco de Macorís
🌟 Highlightcity ranked #10
By Johan Kruseman 🇳🇱 | Updated October 22, 2026

San Francisco de Macorís is famous for its cacao, and for being the doorway to the Duarte Province countryside, yet the overlooked draw is that it is a working Dominican city with almost no tourist filter. It sits in the north of the Dominican Republic, in the Cibao valley. Prices are posted for locals, so you pay local prices, but nobody speaks much English, so download an offline translator instead of trusting charades. Motoconchos are the fastest way around, because the grid clogs at midday; agree on the fare before climbing on. Unlike nearby Santiago, it is smaller, calmer and has far fewer hostels, so it suits patient travelers, not nightlife seekers.

Discover everything you want to know in the 📖 Dominican Republic Travel Guide.


example page 0 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 1 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 2 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 3 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 4 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 5 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 6 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 7 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
Loading the map 🌍
CLICK TO FILTER
cities
towns
landmarks
national parks
hikes
beaches
attractions
festivals
SHOW COUNTRY’S BESTSHOW ALL

✨ Why go?
Ranked #10 city in Dominican Republic
Reasons people choose to visit here

San Francisco de Macorís earns a place on a route for two reasons: it is a cacao and rural Cibao hub where you meet Dominicans going about their day, and it works as a practical stop between the north coast and the interior. Dorms are scarce, so expect simple hotels and a quiet evening, which suits anyone tired of party hostels. The center is walkable in an hour or two, with a central park and cathedral where the town gathers after sunset, and food comes from comedores and street grills, not tourist menus. Come for a night or two if you like unscripted places. Skip it if you need a hostel scene, English menus or a checklist of famous sights.

💡 HighlightsPlaces and moments you shouldn't skip

  1. Parque Duarte and Santa Ana Cathedral: the town’s main square and church, best in the late afternoon when families and vendors fill the benches. Free, 30 to 45 minutes.
  2. Museo de la Cultura Cibaeña area and local cultural center: small exhibits on the region’s folk traditions and history. Best in the morning, around US$1 to 2, about an hour.
  3. Cacao farms and chocolate workshops near town: you can see beans fermented and dried, then taste the product. Visit in the morning, US$10 to 25 with a guide, 2 to 3 hours.
  4. Mercado Municipal: stalls of produce, cheese, coffee and cacao. Go before 10 AM when it is freshest and cooler. Free entry, 45 minutes.
  5. Paseo along the Calle Presidente Henríquez stretch: the main commercial street for bakeries, juice stands and people-watching. Early evening is best. Free,
… read more 👉
  1. Parque Duarte and Santa Ana Cathedral: the town’s main square and church, best in the late afternoon when families and vendors fill the benches. Free, 30 to 45 minutes.
  2. Museo de la Cultura Cibaeña area and local cultural center: small exhibits on the region’s folk traditions and history. Best in the morning, around US$1 to 2, about an hour.
  3. Cacao farms and chocolate workshops near town: you can see beans fermented and dried, then taste the product. Visit in the morning, US$10 to 25 with a guide, 2 to 3 hours.
  4. Mercado Municipal: stalls of produce, cheese, coffee and cacao. Go before 10 AM when it is freshest and cooler. Free entry, 45 minutes.
  5. Paseo along the Calle Presidente Henríquez stretch: the main commercial street for bakeries, juice stands and people-watching. Early evening is best. Free, about an hour.
  6. Local baseball game at Estadio Julián Javier: a very Dominican evening when the winter league plays. Tickets run roughly US$3 to 8, 2 to 3 hours.
From San Francisco de Macorís, the cacao landscapes of the Duarte countryside, the beaches of Samaná and the mountain town of Jarabacoa can be reached as day trips or longer outings. The cacao farm visit is the best choice for a first visit, because it explains why this region matters.
Spotted a mistake or missing something? Contact us.

Things to do near San Francisco de Macorís

Ratings based on Tripadvisor reviews. When you book through this link, you support our work at no extra cost to you.

🏘️ NeighborhoodsNeighborhood guide to San Francisco de Macorís

San Francisco de Macorís is a grid-ish city of about 150,000 where almost everything you need sits within a 20-minute walk of the central park, which is why a taxi for anything inside it is a waste of pesos.
  • Parque Duarte and the Centro: The cathedral, banks, ATMs, pharmacies and cheap lunch counters crowd around the park. Everything here closes around midday for a long lunch, so do your errands before noon, like the locals do.
  • Avenida Frank Grullón and the commercial strip: Supermarkets, fried-chicken joints and motoconcho stands line this stretch. It’s loud, hot and shadeless, so walk it early and ride a motoconcho back when the sun wins.
  • Calle Castillo and the market streets: Fruit stalls, cacao sellers and hardware shops fight for sidewalk space. Go in the morning, when the produce is fresh
… read more 👉
San Francisco de Macorís is a grid-ish city of about 150,000 where almost everything you need sits within a 20-minute walk of the central park, which is why a taxi for anything inside it is a waste of pesos.
  • Parque Duarte and the Centro: The cathedral, banks, ATMs, pharmacies and cheap lunch counters crowd around the park. Everything here closes around midday for a long lunch, so do your errands before noon, like the locals do.
  • Avenida Frank Grullón and the commercial strip: Supermarkets, fried-chicken joints and motoconcho stands line this stretch. It’s loud, hot and shadeless, so walk it early and ride a motoconcho back when the sun wins.
  • Calle Castillo and the market streets: Fruit stalls, cacao sellers and hardware shops fight for sidewalk space. Go in the morning, when the produce is fresh and the heat is polite.
  • Residential hillsides toward the Cordillera Septentrional: Quieter, greener, with cooler evenings and little to see. Walk up for the views, not for dinner.
  • Nightlife corners near the park and along the main avenues: Colmados and open-air bars play bachata and merengue at volume, and the party starts late. Arrive after 10 pm or you will be drinking alone with the speakers.

⌛️ 1 day1-day itinerary for San Francisco de Macorís

Walk the center in the morning and take a motoconcho or taxi for anything farther, then rest in the afternoon when heat peaks.
8:00 AM: Mercado Municipal Start with fruit, coffee and fresh cheese while it is cool. Eat a quick breakfast at a nearby stall, then walk to the center.
10:00 AM: Parque Duarte and Cathedral Sit in the shade, look inside the cathedral, and watch daily life. The park is a short walk from the market.
12:00 PM: Lunch at a comedor Order the plate of the day with rice, beans and meat. Stay indoors through the hottest hours.
2:30 PM: Cacao farm near town Take a taxi for a guided look at fermentation, drying and tasting. This is the less standard stop, away from the town grid, and well worth the ride.
5:30 PM: Return for the evening paseo Stroll the main commercial street, buy … read more 👉
Walk the center in the morning and take a motoconcho or taxi for anything farther, then rest in the afternoon when heat peaks.
8:00 AM: Mercado Municipal Start with fruit, coffee and fresh cheese while it is cool. Eat a quick breakfast at a nearby stall, then walk to the center.
10:00 AM: Parque Duarte and Cathedral Sit in the shade, look inside the cathedral, and watch daily life. The park is a short walk from the market.
12:00 PM: Lunch at a comedor Order the plate of the day with rice, beans and meat. Stay indoors through the hottest hours.
2:30 PM: Cacao farm near town Take a taxi for a guided look at fermentation, drying and tasting. This is the less standard stop, away from the town grid, and well worth the ride.
5:30 PM: Return for the evening paseo Stroll the main commercial street, buy a juice or pastry, and finish with a drink in the park as lights come on.

🌤️ When to go?Choosing the right time of year

December to April is the easiest window, with dry days around 27 to 31°C (81 to 88°F) and cooler nights near 19 to 21°C (66 to 70°F).
  • Dry Season (December to April): Low humidity, reliable sun and the best conditions for the surrounding cacao hills. Prices stay steady except around Christmas.
  • Carnival (February): Parades and costumes fill the streets and buses to the city run full, so book rooms early.
  • Shoulder (May to June): Hot, 30 to 33°C (86 to 91°F), with afternoon downpours that clear quickly. Fewer visitors.
  • Wet and Hurricane Season (July to November): Heavy rain, muggy air and occasional road flooding in the valley. Beds are cheapest now, and daylight runs roughly 11 to 13 hours across the year.
Aim for February if you want sun and a parade in one trip.

source: climatestotravel.comJANJanuary: excellent for travelingFEBFebruary: excellent for travelingMARMarch: excellent for travelingAPRApril: highly recommended for travelingMAYMay: fair for travelingJUNJune: fair for travelingJULJuly: fair for travelingAUGAugust: fair for travelingSEPSeptember: fair for travelingOCTOctober: fair for travelingNOVNovember: fair for travelingDECDecember: highly recommended for traveling
dominican-republic-city-san-francisco-de-macoris
© Google |

✈️ The backpacker research shortcutDominican Republic Travel Guide

An offline-friendly backpacking guide with optimized travel routes, ranked highlights, transport advice, and the best areas to stay.
example page 0 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 1 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 2 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 3 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 4 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 5 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 6 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
example page 7 from our offline Travel Guide for Dominican Republic
The digital guide (336 pages) contains:
✅ 108 highlights, ranked by travel appeal
✅ Optimized 5, 10 & 15-day travel routes
✅ Cities, national parks, landmarks, beaches
✅ How to get around
✅ Offline-friendly for travel without Wi-Fi
👉 Click to see all 30+ guide features

📅 Plan smarter in minutes, not weeks
✅ Month by month travel advice
✅ Festivals & national holidays
✅ Budget expectations

🗺️ Go to the right places, skip the overrated ones
✅ Honest pros & cons of destinations
✅ Top hikes, parks & viewpoints
✅ Lesser-known places most travelers miss
✅ Clear “worth it vs skip it” guidance

🛏️ Travel smoothly without rookie mistakes
✅ Best areas to stay
✅ Transport systems explained simply
✅ Common scams & safety advice
✅ SIM cards, money & practical tips

🌍 Understand the country, not just visit it
✅ Culture & traditions
✅ 52 Essential phrases & customs
✅ Festivals worth planning around
✅ Traveler-friendly historical context
✅ Insights that make places more meaningful

📱 Built for real travel conditions
✅ Fully downloadable PDF
✅ Works completely offline
✅ Optimized for phone use
✅ Useful in remote areas & buses
✅ Everything in one place
Stop searching, start planning
Get instant access to your full guide. 30‑day money-back guarantee.
+ Add another guide for just

By proceeding you agree to our terms.
Sent to your inbox immediately after payment • 100% Secure Checkout
Best Backpacking Travel Advisor 2025 tourism awardBest Backpacking
Travel Advisor
2025
What others say about Take Your Backpack Guides:
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Fantastic, amazing amount of information!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
My goodness this is amazing, it's what I've been looking for hats off too you!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
I think this is absolutely BRILLIANT
⭐⭐⭐⭐
Very complete and informative. It's still missing places, but I gotta to commend you
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is truly amazing, thank you, can't wait to explore it with my kids!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Awesome resource, thank you!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is amazing! Can't wait to explore the ones I haven't seen
⭐⭐⭐⭐
I love this! Well done, great idea.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Thanks for taking the time to make this gem!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This might be the best website I've ever seen.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Congratulations, and thank you so much for your work; it's incredibly valuable.
⭐⭐⭐⭐
In all seriousness I think you did a great job pointing out the important spots
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
10/10 very good
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
As someone who's only just starting to visit regularly this is awesome, thank you.
⭐⭐⭐⭐
Thank you very much! I'm going to visit my dad, it's going to be very useful!
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is really cool! We'll be travelling for the first time and this definitely come in handy.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
You are now our minister of culture, congratulations 👨‍💼
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Just wanted to tell you that this is a pearl! Going to follow your recommendations.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is so cool. I'll definitely be using the resource for my travels soon.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is very impressive! Good work.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This is an amazing and informative site. Very well done!

🛏️ Where to stay?How to pick the right area

Stay near Parque Duarte in the center, because that is where the few budget rooms, small guesthouses and basic hotels cluster, usually US$15 to 35 a night. Real hostels with dorms are scarce in San Francisco de Macorís, so private rooms are the norm and booking ahead matters, especially during Carnival.
The center is walkable at night, keeps the main bus pickups and motoconcho stands close, and has ATMs and supermarkets within a few blocks. Expect noise: bars and colmados play music late, so ask for a room at the back and bring earplugs.
The second option is the quieter residential streets just … read more 👉
Stay near Parque Duarte in the center, because that is where the few budget rooms, small guesthouses and basic hotels cluster, usually US$15 to 35 a night. Real hostels with dorms are scarce in San Francisco de Macorís, so private rooms are the norm and booking ahead matters, especially during Carnival.
The center is walkable at night, keeps the main bus pickups and motoconcho stands close, and has ATMs and supermarkets within a few blocks. Expect noise: bars and colmados play music late, so ask for a room at the back and bring earplugs.
The second option is the quieter residential streets just off the main avenue, Frank Grullón. Rooms are slightly cheaper and calmer, and the avenue puts you on carro público routes. The trade is fewer places to eat after dark, so buy dinner before you head back.

🚌 Getting aroundMoving around without the hassle

Taking a private taxi for every hop is the costliest habit here, when a motoconcho (motorbike taxi) covers most in-city trips for a fraction of the price. San Francisco de Macorís is flat and compact enough to walk the center, but traffic is dense, hot and chaotic, and there is no metro or reliable city bus network.
  • Walking: Free, and the fastest way around the park, market and main avenue. Sidewalks are patchy and motorbikes treat red lights as suggestions, so look both ways even on one-way streets.
  • Motoconcho: US$0.50 to 1.50 for most rides in town, available from dawn to late evening on nearly every corner. Agree on the fare before climbing on, since nobody here runs a meter. Helmets are rare, so ask for one or ride slowly.
  • Carros públicos (shared taxis): Fixed routes along main avenues for
… read more 👉
Taking a private taxi for every hop is the costliest habit here, when a motoconcho (motorbike taxi) covers most in-city trips for a fraction of the price. San Francisco de Macorís is flat and compact enough to walk the center, but traffic is dense, hot and chaotic, and there is no metro or reliable city bus network.
  • Walking: Free, and the fastest way around the park, market and main avenue. Sidewalks are patchy and motorbikes treat red lights as suggestions, so look both ways even on one-way streets.
  • Motoconcho: US$0.50 to 1.50 for most rides in town, available from dawn to late evening on nearly every corner. Agree on the fare before climbing on, since nobody here runs a meter. Helmets are rare, so ask for one or ride slowly.
  • Carros públicos (shared taxis): Fixed routes along main avenues for about US$0.40 to 0.80, which is why locals use them for longer cross-town hops. They squeeze in as many passengers as physics permits. Say “parada” when you want out.
  • Intercity buses and guaguas: Minibuses and coaches leave for Santo Domingo (about 2.5 to 3 hours, US$5 to 9), Santiago (about 1.5 hours, US$3 to 5) and Nagua or Samaná on the coast. Experienced travelers pick the company terminals over street touts, who add a surcharge for the privilege of pointing at a bus.
  • Private taxi: US$3 to 6 across town and a negotiated US$30 to 60 for countryside day trips. Ask your accommodation to call a driver rather than flagging one down.

👛 Costs (as of 22 October 2026)What things cost and how to budget

San Francisco de Macorís costs a backpacker about US$38 to 50 a day, and the table below uses US$48 with a high-season private room.
CategoryBudget RangeLocal Reality
Dorm accommodation (high season)US$18 to 25Few true dorms exist, so a basic private room is the usual choice.
Dorm accommodation (off-season)US$14 to 20Rooms drop in price from May to November.
MealsUS$8 to 12Market plates cost US$2 to 4, and a sit-down dinner about US$5 to 8.
Local transportUS$2 to 4Motoconchos and shared taxis cost US$0.50 to 1.50 a ride.
City transport passNot availableNo pass exists, so you pay per ride in pesos.
Basic activities/entry feesUS$3 to 8Museum entries and cacao farm visits are cheap.
MiscellaneousUS$2 to 4Water, SIM data, snacks and a beer or two.
Total Daily BudgetUS$48Based on the high-season room, with
… read more 👉
San Francisco de Macorís costs a backpacker about US$38 to 50 a day, and the table below uses US$48 with a high-season private room.
CategoryBudget RangeLocal Reality
Dorm accommodation (high season)US$18 to 25Few true dorms exist, so a basic private room is the usual choice.
Dorm accommodation (off-season)US$14 to 20Rooms drop in price from May to November.
MealsUS$8 to 12Market plates cost US$2 to 4, and a sit-down dinner about US$5 to 8.
Local transportUS$2 to 4Motoconchos and shared taxis cost US$0.50 to 1.50 a ride.
City transport passNot availableNo pass exists, so you pay per ride in pesos.
Basic activities/entry feesUS$3 to 8Museum entries and cacao farm visits are cheap.
MiscellaneousUS$2 to 4Water, SIM data, snacks and a beer or two.
Total Daily BudgetUS$48Based on the high-season room, with the upper end of other rows.
Eat the big meal at lunch, when set plates are cheapest, and keep dinner light.
⚠️ Prices can change and everyone travels differently, so take this as a rough guide. Hope it helps you plan your adventure!

🚌 Day tripsWhere to go beyond the main area

San Francisco de Macorís works well as a base for day trips, since cacao country, rivers and the north coast all sit within about two hours by road.
Salcedo and the Mirabal Sisters Museum:
A 30 to 40 minute ride by guagua or public car (US$1 to 3) reaches the house museum honoring the Mirabal sisters, whose resistance to Trujillo is a national story. Go in the morning, then eat lunch in town. Entry is a few dollars.
👉 Explore Salcedo
Nagua:
About an hour and a half by bus (US$3 to 5) puts you on the Atlantic coast, with fried fish at beachfront stands and calm sand. Dry months are best, and the most common mistake is leaving after 4 pm, when return buses thin out.
👉 Explore Nagua
Cacao Farms around Hostos:
The hills east of the city grow much of the country’s cacao. A motoconcho or taxi (US$10 … read more 👉
San Francisco de Macorís works well as a base for day trips, since cacao country, rivers and the north coast all sit within about two hours by road.
Salcedo and the Mirabal Sisters Museum:
A 30 to 40 minute ride by guagua or public car (US$1 to 3) reaches the house museum honoring the Mirabal sisters, whose resistance to Trujillo is a national story. Go in the morning, then eat lunch in town. Entry is a few dollars.
👉 Explore Salcedo
Nagua:
About an hour and a half by bus (US$3 to 5) puts you on the Atlantic coast, with fried fish at beachfront stands and calm sand. Dry months are best, and the most common mistake is leaving after 4 pm, when return buses thin out.
👉 Explore Nagua
Cacao Farms around Hostos:
The hills east of the city grow much of the country’s cacao. A motoconcho or taxi (US$10 to 25 round trip) plus a farm tour of US$10 to 20 lets you taste beans from pod to chocolate. Visit in the harvest months of spring and fall, and book a guide ahead rather than turning up.

Santiago de los Caballeros:
Around 1.5 hours by bus (US$3 to 5), Santiago offers a monument viewpoint, a historic center and cigar workshops. Leave early to beat the midday heat, and keep it to a day because last buses back run into the evening.

🍲 FoodLocal Cuisine & Drinks

The Cibao valley around San Francisco de Macorís is farm country, and the food shows it: rich cacao turns up as thick hot chocolate and homemade bars sold near the market. Try chocolate caliente in the morning with fried cheese and mangú, the mashed plantain that locals here pile with pickled red onions.
Look for chicharrón and yuca from roadside fry stands, plus pica pollo with tostones, and fresh river fish when it’s on offer. The Cibao also leans into locrio, a one-pot rice dish smoky with meat and spice.
Backpackers eat best at the market stalls and the lunch counters around the park, where a plate of rice, beans and meat runs about US$2 to 4. In the evening, grab fried snacks from street carts or sit at a colmado with a cold Presidente. Locals take lunch seriously, so hunt for it before 2 pm.

🛡️ SafetyScams, Hazards, and Annoyances

San Francisco de Macorís is a working Dominican city where most visitors have uneventful days, and the main risks are petty theft and traffic. Keep your phone away from the curb, since snatchings from passing motorbikes happen, and carry only the cash you need in a front pocket. After dark, stick to the park and main avenues, take a taxi for longer trips, and avoid deserted side streets, especially alone. Motoconcho drivers may quote foreigners a higher fare, so settle the price first. Heavy traffic is the real daily hazard, so cross carefully and wear a helmet if offered. Solo travelers, women included, do fine with common sense. Expect curious attention and friendly questions more than trouble.

FAQFrequently asked questions about San Francisco de Macorís

Two days is enough for San Francisco de Macorís itself, covering the park, market and a cacao tasting. Add a third day for the Mirabal Sisters Museum in Salcedo, about 30 to 40 minutes away. Add a fourth if you want Nagua’s beaches, about 1.5 hours by bus.
Yes, San Francisco de Macorís is manageable for solo backpackers who use ordinary caution. Petty theft, especially phone snatching from motorbikes, is the main risk, so keep devices tucked away. After dark, take a taxi (about US$3 to 6) instead of walking quiet side streets.
San Francisco de Macorís is known for cacao and the fertile Cibao valley, plus a big Carnival in February. It sits about 2.5 to 3 hours from Santo Domingo by bus (US$5 to 9). Travelers use it as a base for chocolate farms and the nearby Mirabal Sisters Museum.
⚠️ Things can change over time, so always validate details locally before you go.

Other Dominican cities near San Francisco de Macorís

Explore more nearby:

  • Cotuí—Gold-mine outskirts, Hatillo reservoir, evening paseo, domino tables| 29 km away
  • La Vega—Santo Cerro hilltop, first-settlement ruins, diablo cojuelo masks, Carnival Sundays| 29 km away
  • Moca—Cocoa farms, Sagrado Corazón church, Cibao market, plaza colmados| 30 km away

💡 Not sure where to go next?
Create a personalized itinerary for Dominican Republic including San Francisco de Macorís and the places that fit your trip.

Generate my itinerary

👉 Discover all cities

Or checkout all Dominican Republic has to offer (think cities, towns, villages, national parks, hikes, beaches, festivals)
Country photo of Dominican Republic

We 💚 feedbackWhat to keep in mind

San Francisco de Macorís suits curious travelers who like real towns over polished stops, especially chocolate lovers and baseball fans. I would bring small bills, learn a few Spanish phrases, and book a cacao visit early in the day. Skip it if you want hostels and nightlife.

✍️ Help improve this page!
The information on this page is based on in-depth research, insights shared by experienced travelers, and feedback from the local travel community in Dominican Republic. While every effort is made to keep the information accurate and current, conditions can change — so if you spot anything incorrect or outdated, please get in touch.



🙋‍♂️ Give feedback

👋 Meet the founderWho’s Behind Take Your Backpack?

Johan, backpacker and founder of TakeYourBackpackHi, I’m Johan (Netherlands 🇳🇱), the creator of TakeYourBackpack. Over the past 3 decades, I’ve backpacked through 90+ countries across six continents, gaining extensive experience with independent travel, long-term trips, and overland routes.

This site is built on a combination of firsthand travel experience and carefully curated insights from other backpackers. Many guides are based on places I’ve personally visited, while others bring together tips, observations, and practical advice shared by trusted travelers I’ve met along the way.

The goal is to provide realistic, experience-driven guidance — not generic itineraries — so you can explore destinations with better context, clearer expectations, and more confidence.